Selasa, 15 Juni 2010

just me and myself

I am a simple girl that want to be loved sincerely.
I know God loves me more then all human being.
He loves me more though I always make a lot of mistakes.
my sins getting more and more.
But, please help me, mu burdens of my soul, my mind, and my life..
Make my loving people proud of who i am, I as myself.
Don't ever make them change my life worse..

Senin, 14 Juni 2010

My Priceless Footmark

CHAPTER I AMONG THE EARTH

a. Mom’s Pregnancy

I never know before, who are my parents? What am I? Who am I? Where am I?
But, I was in a beautiful place, like a paradise, I guess. I got love, care and affection. I heard a beautiful sound, a sound of caring. My mother was reading Al-Qur’an, I guess that she wishes for my best.
But you know what? When I was a third mounts of her pregnancy, I felt that something bad was happened. My body was shaken. My heart and my soul were worried. My mother was smashed. The ambulance came and picked my mother up. She lied down on the hospital bed. My father was so worried about her and of course me. But no problem! We were okay at that time. There were not something serious problem of us.
I felt happy when I knew that my mother recovered from sickness. We were doing our ordinary as usual. Shopping, doing the household, praying and something alike.
But, when my mother went to shopping at the market, I felt uncomfortable, I felt hot, I was screaming to my mother. I wanted to come out. My mother got illness because of me. I was sorry, mom….
The people on there were so panics. They didn’t know how to pick mom up to the hospital nearby that place. So, they pick my mother up and used the vegetables truck.
My father came to the hospital district and at 13.30, 10 December 1991; the baby girl was born in a great mom, Entin Sumartini as a wife of the great dad, Nandang Saepudin Anshor with a weight 3 kg. Because of the beautiful creature of The God, Allah SWT, my parents also gave the beautiful name, Silvina Nugrahwati. But, do you know the meaning of that name? Silvina is come from the Arabic word which means “relate to them”, and Nugrah means “a gift from God” and Wati means “a woman”. So, Silvina Nugrahwati means “a woman gift from God, Allah to always make relationship with the other”. I think that name is very beautiful, isn’t it? But, its name was decided after the other choice came to my father’s mind. Actually, he would give name for his first baby was Tina. Tina was come from the abbreviation of my parents. “Ti” comes from Tini as my mom and “Na” comes from Nandang as my dad. But he thought that it was not a commercial name. So, it made “Silvina Nugrahwati” as the best name.
After I came to the real world, I lived at Kebon Kalapa with my parents and also my grand mother and grand father. Because my father still lived with his parents, he had not house at that time. He was a collage student at Nusantara Islamic University and my mother was a trader in the market. Occasionally, before my father decided to continue his study, he was an employee in the textile company. But because he was slept at the time he worked, so he had to lie off. He took English department for two semesters, and then moved to Education Out School department because of his unconfident self in English.

♥♣♥♣




b. Slow but Sure (little progress)
Everyday, when I would to sleep, my mother always sang a song, here the song:

Bubuy.. bulan,,
Bubuy bulan,, sangrai bentang
Panon,, poe,,
Panon poe oge hade
Situ ciburuy laukna hese di pancing
Nyeredet hate
Ninggali ngeplak caina
Duh eta saha
Nu ngalangkung unggal enjing
Nyeredet hate
Ninggali sorot socana

So, I always remember that song until now. It was not because of the beauty of that song, but also a woman that sang that song; she is my mother, my best mother. At that time, I really wanted to say that I love her and I also wanted to say thanks for everything she done for me. But I couldn’t say anything. I just could to cry, smile and laugh to show my feel.





1.1 When I was four years old, I was lied down on the table where my aunt lives. They always called me “akew” because they think that I was like Chinese. You could guess it when you see my eyes.

They; my mom and my dad, also replied my progress with great hope and proud. Now, I was eight months old, but I still could to talk and to crawl on hands and knees. But my parents didn’t angry and disappointed to me. They were supported and supported me sincerely.
At the first birthday, I still couldn’t to stand up and to walk; even I couldn’t to crawl on hands and knees. But I give them something special; I could say something and also anything. Thanks God…
I tried to move from one place to another without crawl, but I had one way to do that; ‘ngesot’ (you know that I look like ‘suster ngesot’ hhe,). I always worried if I tried to walk. I don’t know why I always fallen when tried it.
My mother was busy at that time when I was one and half year old. Because she was not a trader at the hut but she was an employee at the company where my father ever worked. While my father was a college and he worked when his father asked him to buy leather for his small company; he is a seller of shoes that made by him.
So, I was taken care of my grand mother. I accompanied her for garden grow after that my skin was be dark. Because of the sun light that burned my skin.
My grand mother always cut my hair, especially bangs. But she used to cut so short. And it made me uncomforted. She just smile and said “do not worry, so you will not have a haircut next month”
But, I love her very much. She gave me everything, especially love, grand mother’s love. Actually I couldn’t have the real love from my grand father. He passed away since I was not in the earth. I know him just from my parent’s and my relatives’ story. But is not a problem for me because I had another grand father. He loves me too and care of me.
Now, let us back to my profile. I don’t know why my father treats me like a man. He gave me everything that boy likes. He bought me fire toys, he wear me t-shirt like boy have, such as Jiban, Power Ranger, car, and something alike. He used to cut my hair short. It made some people supposed me a boy. Shame on me..






1.2 This was my boyish appearance…

But, I don’t know sometimes I was feminism as a girl, I mean a real girl. I wore dress with a long hair cut. You can look from this picture. It is my mother, my family and I







1.3 This was my mother, Enda, Ashar, fahrul, Dika and I who was wearing a check shirt was so girlish

Then, my mother said that when I was child I was really like ice cream, and stopping every hawker though it was a boboko hawker.

♥♣♥♣

C. My loving Family
I am born and raised in the big family. I have a lot of brother and sister. I used to play with my relatives age. Our age is involved three mounts; they are Fahrul, Ashar and Dika. Every time we used to play together. We showed our cheerful childhood in every time and every where. Even though, we made our grand father mad at us. He chased us until we felt tired out.
But our grand father was so kind to us; he gave us gift when we got 8 in our rapport.
We were so sad at the time when my grand father is passed away. He is passed away when I was forth grade. I could not stop crying because I really lose him, but I know God loves him so much.
I got a little brother when I was sixth grade. I got a great gift from God, we actually. So, my member of our family was added.

1.4 Here were my family; my dad, mom, my little brother when he was 8 months and I when I was seventh grade




CHAPTER II BEST FRIENDS IN MY DAYS

a. The new experiences
School was one of my dreams. I used to cry when I saw someone wearing a uniform for studying. I asked my mom to wear me a uniform too. But at that day, I was really wore it for studying. I was very happy. I was accompanied my mom happily. But, when I saw every student there, I was worried. I was afraid with the people that I didn’t know. But mom said,”Don’t worry, you will be okay there.”
Before I was in Elementary School, I was in religious School named IPMAJA. I learnt about reciting Al-Qur’an, Tadjwid, Fiqh and how to worship. I studied there until I was in fourth grade because my house moved.
In the last semester in my Islamic School, I used to show my performance with my others friends like singing, recite Al-qur’an and dancing saman. Here was the photo:




1.5 I was in the second left side, my father took my picture

In 1997, I was a student of Tenjolaya I Elementary School. It was my first day in that school. I was taught by Miss. Mulyani. But we just call her Bu Yani. She is very kind and I love her very much. She taught every student that could not to read and write patiently.
I entered the class room. Girl in a curly hair greet me, she asked what my name is and asked me to sit with her. Named Alma, she is my first classmate there, except my brothers, Fahrul and Ashar. We started to be a best friend. We used to go to school and come back home together.
When, our teacher was teaching us about reading, a boy where beside me was look at me. He asked my name and wanted to be my friend. Actually he was my neighbor, but I never knew about him before. His name is Alit. I am sure that you will guess that he was a small boy. But you are wrong, he was a big boy, I thought.
In the following day, the teacher asked us to gather with B class. I cried; I didn’t want to do that. I knew that B class was naughty boys. But, I tried to face a new atmosphere. But, I could not. I was bored all they long. You could guess my personality. I am hard to assimilate with strange people.
Day after day I spent with my friend, Alma and Alit. But, in the second grade, Alit moved to the other school. It made Alma and I was so sad. In the following year, Alma was also leaving me. I couldn’t meet her even in her house. He moved to the other city. So, I have to look for new friend to sit beside me.
At that day, Nuning was my close friend. She was as kind as Alma. She lives beside our school. So, when we were taking arrest, we used to visit her.
It was time for us to come home. I eat my breakfast and going to play with my friends. I asked Aat to play with me. We used to play a Barbie, but, I did not know why sometimes she mad at me, she did not want to play with me and showing how hatred she was.
But in the following day, she came to my house and asking me play with her. We played together without felt that something was happen to us. We also played with the others friend like Andri, Yayang, Pipit, Endes, Rini, and others to make our playing more cheerful. We used to play “ucing-ucingan”. But sometimes, I used to be ‘anak bawang” in this play. I used to fall when I run.
I do not understand why sometimes my best friend away from me, not me playing. I felt sad moment. But there were others who faithfully accompanied me at that time. They were Pipit and Andri. We played together, without caring that I was being bullied. I felt marginalize.
I did not matter for me when I back to my school. They were very kind. They greeted me sincerely.

♥♣♥♣


b. Girl Don’t cries!
My father was young at heart. So when after the day he taught at an educational foundation, which is at a high school, he was always playing racquetball with a friend at night. Plus my mother is assigned to work nights. Father left me alone at home at night to play badminton. I was sleeping at the time of course. But, when I got up then I found that no one there I used to cry because I was so terrified. I hate to be alone.
My neighbor was coming and soothing me. When I could not to be calm and could not stop to crying, they caught up with my dad and asked him to come home. So, after that I could to sleep.
Then, when my mother was going to work at night, I used to hold her hand or biting her clothe so that I would feel that my mother was going to go for work. But finally, I used to miss my mother. I did not know when he went to work.
Then, I used to go to school alone. My father just crossed me and waiting for me to take the public transportation. I played with my friends as usual. But when I had to move from Pansor, I lost my friends and I was so sad. I moved to Warung Peuteuy. I went to school by walk. When I was on the way home, someone was following me. I walked faster, he was the same. I ran. He kept chasing me. He threw the soil and rocks. I cried the whole way. But no one would help me.
I hugged my father and told him what had happened. He stroked my hair, wiped my tears and calmed me down. I still someone. I still remember it, someone who has hurt me. He has scars on her cheeks. And I met him again when I SMA. I really hate him. But now I have to forgive bad memories of my childhood.
In my new environment, I had to adjust myself. There, no children age me. So I just had a friend of the son of a maid owner of the rented house and that my parents and I now occupied. I don’t know what her name is, but I keep remember when we spent our child happily.
She used to ask me to play in her employer’s house. The owner was kindly. So she let us played in her house. She considered us as her own family. We can play with the toys in her house at will as long as we do not damage the piece. I used to take bath there. I liked it very much, because it had a shower.
I felt uncomfortable there. The children surrounding, especially girls was so unkind. They showed that they hated me. But I move on and slighting them. I used to go to Mang Opik hut in front of the gate of Al-Falah Boarding School. I used to buy a pap though I am not a baby. But the taste is delicious.
Then I don’t know exactly why I used to fall when I was running. It also happened when my mom asked me to pass the plat in the kitchen. I ran because the little cat was allowing me. Then I fall down and making my knee was bloody; Splattered blood, skin flakes, and pus out. That accident made me hate cat. So, if I meet with cat, I feel afraid. The fluffy of the cat make me feel tickled.
The people said that when we used to fall down, it could be mean we will get a little sister/brother. Sometimes I hope that the mite was true. So, I often asked my parents a little sister to accompany me playing anytime and anywhere. But my father said that I would get a sister if I was a sixth grade of Elementary School.
When I was a fourth grade, my mother was told by a midwife that she would get a baby. She got pregnant and I was so happy.
But when the age of her pregnancy was fourth months, my mother had a miscarriage. The baby in her merciful had to be come out. My sister is passed away. I was so sad. I could not stop my tears. I really want to have a little sister. Even, I had prepared the name for my sister. Good bye…
♥♣♥♣

c. Introduction to “Love”
In the fifth grade, I started to feel to fall in love. I do not know, but I think it just a merely love. He was my foe. We never had been a good friend. He used to make me angry. We were the opposite way, but that is a shameful for me. I was fall in love with him. My others friend also said the same way. But he and I did not admit that. He used to mock me, mistreated me, and did the others bad things.
Everything in my life, he used to give a bad comment. Because of that, my friends matched me with him. But, I do not want. As I know, he used to make me ashamed. He told to his friends that he loved me. So, if I went to the hut behind my house, the people there, especially his friends used to make me shy.
Back to my education, I was a fifth grade. I was taught by Mrs. Atikah. He is a kind person. She cares us sincerely. She was my class master. He keep taught me though I was hard to understand math subject. She used to criticize us. But, we never felt sad or angry with her. Because the way she criticizes was so funny. She is fussy but interesting teacher. I love her so much.
We were not taught how to cheat when exam and we were tried not to make cheating as our ordinary. So, when some of us were cheating, the others student used to tell our teacher.
At that time, I also began to introduce best friend. Beside Nuning, Fitri, Winda and Soffi were my best friends. It also added, when Puspa and Nunun became a new comer in our class. We called our group as Rainbow Fish. It was taken by the famous cartoon film at that time. The story was about friendship among the fishes.
I also had a new friend. I join scouts. We had ever followed a scout’s championship. I was in healthy section and symbol. Though I was not a winner but our group has been a winner.
I used to follow kinds of scout’s activities, such as inaugurations and torch parade.
♥♣♥♣


d. A Fun life
When my teacher gave my rapport of the last semester, I felt so surprise. It was a bad surprise, I think. I got a bad score. I got six in some of my subject. I was so sad at that time. I was so worried if my mother would angry with me. So, I lied. I changed some of the score. So that it was seems a good score. But, my mother kept angry with me. My mother compared my score with Fitri, my best friend. I did not know why she was better than I. but one moral which we can get do not ever try to lie and be layer.
I was sixth grade then. I taught by Mr. Dede. He is kind teacher. He made us better than before. He did not explain more about tha material. He let us tried to own. If one of us could not do the task, she/he had to go forward. In front of others, she/he was explained by Mr. Dede and trying to explain as he had given by him/her.
If one of us were doing the bad things, they had to stand in front of the others student. Then, the others student decided to make a punishment for them.
When the break time was coming, we used to buy a meal or drink. After that, my friends and I used to play a traditional game which is called “galah”. We used to play it in the basket field.
galah as far as I know that it cant never played alone. You need at least 7-10 people each group and only 2 groups will be playing this game. It’s just the same as to 'rounders'. You need to play this game over a tennis or badminton court. Each player from the opposition group will stand guard on each middle line. The other group needs to pass by all this guards without them touching you. You need to cross all lines until the end of the lines. Then, after all players passed this, they will be declared winner. We can play it in the school yard or like us in the basket field. The field which has lines square makes us easy to play this fun game.


















Beside it, we used to play “loncat tinggi”, basket ball, and sometimes football, even though we did not play the ball but the ball played us.

♥♣♥♣
e. A great gift
When I was doing the scout’s exercise, my father came to my school. He asked me to go along him to the hospital because my mother was struggle.
At 12.00 my little brother was born in 12 April 2003. My father’s wish was granted. I had little sister when I was in sixth grade. His name is Luthfi Rabby Radhiya. It means a kind young generation. Amin.
Though I hoped to have a little sister but I love him as my brother.
My friendship was closer and closer. I felt hard to let them go beside me. It was the examination. We were so worried if we did not pass it. We wanted to continue to junior high school, so we were study hard to face the examination.
Our struggle in facing the examination was getting a good result. All of us were passing the national examination.
I had to decide where I want to continue my school. My parents gave me two choices; Bina Muda Junior High School or PPI 24 boarding School. I was so confuse at that time. I want to join my brothers, they choose PPI 24 Boarding School but I was not like when I have to far away my parents. So, I decided to choose Bina Muda Junior High School.
I have signed into junior high, but have not finished my practice exams. My friends and I had to dance in the basket field in front of the others student as an examination of artistic practice. It's an embarrassing thing for me. I have to dance to the accompaniment of dangdut songs. We wore a red shirt and the others student laugh at us.
I enliven the event by following the choir When the farewell party. We wore school uniforms by wearing red ribbons in our hair. We sang a folk song which has title “sapu nyere pegat simpay” compactly.
Sapu Nyere Pegat Simpay

Ririungan urang karumpul
meumpeung deukeut hayu rang sosonoan
Macangkrama bari ngawadul
urang silih tempas silih eledan
Moal lila jeung babaturan
hiji wanci anu geus ditangtukeun
Bakal pisah bakal pajauh
bakal mapohokeun katineung urang
Sapu nyerepegat simpai bakal kasorang takdir
ti Gusti Hyang Widi pasti kalakon
Urang rek papisah urang rek pajauh
meumpeung deu keut hayu rang sosonoan

♥♣♥♣
CHAPTER III MY FIRST COMPLICATED
a. My new friends
It was time for me to enter junior high school selection test. I wore an Elementary School uniform; long-sleeved shirts, short skirts, long socks, and wearing the veil. It looks tacky and ridiculous.
Why I wear a veil there? Bina MUda Junior High School is Islamic-based school. It is not an Islamic Boarding School but adding the Islamic matter or subject more then the others school.
I was admitted into the junior high school. I was in class VII A. It made me familiar with their new friends. Winda was also my classmate there. While, Nuning was in class C. I was bench with Amalia. I never know if she will be my best friend.
Day after day was passed. I have a lot of friends there. I also found new close friends there; Windu, Faisal, Amalia, Siti Aminah, Evi Nur aliyah and so on. I had also a group which called WANSES. It is stand for Winda, Amalia, Nuning, Silvi, Evi, and Siti.
In the class, Amalia and I competed in the lesson. When the odd semester exam, I was ranked third, while Amalia ranked fourth. I studied even harder to achieve best value in the second semester. Finally I could be a first rank in my class. So, I got a scholarship; free of charge in the next semester.
My friends and I also join the computer course in LPK Bina Muda. There, we learnt any kind of computerize. We also got a sertificate from that course but I loss that sertificate because my mother said that I was careless.
In the next semester I also got a first rank, while Amalia got a second rank. I got a scholarship again. I do not know why I could get a first rank but it may cause of my study hard. It was some surprise of me because since I was Elementary school, I could not get the best rank.
♥♣♥♣

b. He is a smart boy
I was an eighth grade. I was F class and I had new friends there. In eighth class, Amalia and I were separate. She was in C class but Windu’s class was same with me.
There, I met Rizal. He is a smart kind person. He was expert in math and science but actually he preferred match more. I do not know why I could not understanding math exactly. It was hard for me to study about it. The loading was too long. Every time teacher tough me, I had to try hard to understand what the subject that had given by him. I used to ask for Rizal assist in studying that subject.
So, when the first semester Rizal got a first rank and I got a second. I was very sad but Rizal was a proper student that could get the first.
About my friendship, I had other close friends; there were Yunita, Yuli, Wita, Linda and so on. Then I was being a bad girl. I am a Moslem and I have matured because I have menstruation, so I have to wear a veil to close my aurat as woman. Nevertheless, I put off my veil when I was playing with them. On the way home, I just wore it back because I did not want if my parents knew my bad act. I am sorry my parents that I was lying.
I followed the inter-school quiz competitions in Husainiyah Boarding School in Pmaoyanan, Cicalengka, Bandung. The theme was about Islamic Religious Education. My group was Faisal and Rizal. We outperformed the first half against Al-ma'soem Junior High School. In the second half, Al-ma'soem Junior High School has conducted fraud. One of their teachers gave answers to the participants. Finally, our group was narrowly defeated.
I thought that I had to change my study to improve my achievement. So, I studied hard to prepare my second exam. The result was I got my first rank back in my grasp. I just can not believe that I was a first rank in my class and even in my school. I can not believe that I could defeat Nur Aisyah; she was the best student ever.
♥♣♥♣

c. The first time I know her
I was a ninth grade then and I met Nurul Luthfi Fauziah in B class. I know her when my friend said that he likes her. I used to be a mediator for them until they were be a couple.
I was being with Nurul Luthfi; but I just call her Upi. I also was being with UCi/Amalia, Windu, Hendra, Faisal and Siti. We used to gather anywhere and anytime and the conflict began.
YUnita and Siti Aminah was angry with me, actually with Upi and my others friends. They were being jealous when I was with them. They thought that Upi and the others grabbed me from them. They never gave me smile or say hello to me. I was so sad at that time but I realize that God only knows.
I let that problem flow. Finally, they smile at me and say hello again. I try to make friends with everyone.
Uci and Upi was my best friends. Whenever and wherever I was were them. We were like a postage stamp. A lot of teachers said that.
Upi and I was a true best friends. We had same hobby and even though a typical boy. We ever like same boy. It was really shameful. It was not problem for us. Our friendship was closer and closer.
Beside my best friend, Upi was my enemy in getting achievement but sometimes we made a cooperation in doing the test. It was a bad habit I think. One shameful!
Upi joined OSIS but I was not. I just join basketball though I could not play that game. I also join the English Course in Izma collage for about one year. There I study with Mr. Amid and studying with Senior High School students, Uci and also with Upi.
The bad experience there when I was asked by Mr.Amid to memorize the conversation. I was being hard to memorize it. So, he said that if I could not memorize it, I was not permitted to go home until I could.
So, it made me easily to memorize something especially English. At that time, I love English.
In the ninth grade, Upi was my rival. She is a smart girl thought she was vengeful and stubborn.
The time before the result of first semester was announced, we were very nervous but when it was announced, I was very happy because I could defend my achievement. I got a first rank again and Upi was in the second.
Our friendship was so amazing. I love her so much. She was seems like my real sister. Everything we told each other. Sometimes the unimportant things could be a great sharing.
We could not be separated. Even the Senior High School that we wanted to continue had to be same. She had disappointed to her parents because they asked her to study in Boarding School. But finally, her parents permitted her to continue to Bina Muda Senior High School with Uci and me.
In the National Examination, we were all passing. There was no a first rank but there were two first ranks. They were Upi and I because our remark was same.
♥♣♥♣











CHAPTER IV BEST FRIENDS IN MY DAYS (PART II)
a. True Friend or True Love?
In the Senior High School we had to follow “Ospek”. Ospek is a program that makes the student knows the others students or knows their senior.
We had to follow the role of the senior. We had to come at 6, wear a hat which made by carton, and so on.
Then, we were divided into 10 groups. I was J group. There, I met someone interesting. I did not know his name actually. I just forgot his name. I just know that his name was Ari but I did not think so.
Ospek was over. It was the time that I wait for. I was a student in Senior High School. I just prepared a new material for my study; a new shoes that I used to wear in my house because I was really impatient to wear it, then a new uniform and so on.
I was in I class. I could not believe that the interesting boy was in the same class. I looked at all of side of the classes. Oh my God, there were also Uci and Upi and Rika my new best friend. We sat in back side.
I was so shock when the teachers called our names one by one. I was so shame because my guess about his name was wrong. He was not Ari but Ridha.
Then, I was so disappointed with my PAI teacher. He matched Rika and Ridha and I have matched with Amin. Amin was a strange people. It was shameful.
This was a nightmare, I thought. Amin shoot me. He said that he loved me and wanted to be my boy friend. I was so shock. I don not love him but I could not hurt him. So, I asked my best friends advice first.
They said that I had to accept his love. The reason was I was the one who did not have boy friend. It was a hard decision for me to decide whether I accept or not.
Finally, I accepted his ask with Upi’s compulsion. It was really shameful. My father knew this. He was my teacher, Sociology’s teacher. He made this shameful thing became a great gossip in my class. Dad oh Dad…
When he asked me to go home together, I used to try to hide from his vision. That was also a shameful.
Three months had gone. We are friend. I am so happy at that time. My friendship between Ridha and I are closer and closer. I regard him as my brother.
My rival in Senior High school was added but I could defeat them not only in the first semester but also in second semester.
♥♣♥♣
b. I as social creature
In eleventh grade, I decide to choose Language program. So, I had to separate with Upi, Uci, and Rika but Ridha’s class was same with me. Though we were separated in class but at the break time, we used to gather as usual. Some of our teachers said that we could not be separate. That’s our wish of course.
In the eleventh grade Uci and I followed OSIS but Upi and Ridha did not. I also joined PASKIBRA but I did not accepted in Bandung regency.





1.6 When we were showing in MOPD 2007

In OSIS, I was being committee of MOPD for our junior. I was being a documentation section.

1.7 Here we were in MOPD program. There were I, Rika, Upi, and Uci

When we were in second semester, Ridha and Upi was joining OSIS too. Our relationship became closer and closer in OSIS cooperation. Fahrul, my brother became a head of OSIS, Upi became a head of Financial section, and I became a vice of Financial Section.
In next MOPD, Ridha became a head of program, Upi became a financial section, and I became a documentation section.
In the Inauguration of new students, I was also being a documentation section but the bad things that I have done there was staying at camp and taking a picture with Upi or sometimes sleep there. It made Ridha, the head of programmer was mad at us.









1.8 The time when we were used to do in inauguration-Kiara Payung

In the last our OSIS program was Leave-Taking of our senior because they had been passing the final examination. We made a great program for our senior who had been passing the national Examination. The program were “Longser” a traditional culture of West Java which performances by Tambang Theater; Art performing by skilful students, such as band, theater, choir, “degung”, and so on.

1.9 The art performing
♥♣♥♣
c. When life is a choice
In the thirteenth grade, we stopped any kind of our activities except studying because we would pass the national examination. I did not attend PASKIBRA because I war really tired out. So, I was laid-off by the head of PASKIBRA. It was never mind for me.
The great challenge began. It began two weeks before my 17th birthday. My best friend, Upi told me that I had changed. I seem not I was. We were hardly to see and going home together. I was defeated. It was not my fault, I think. Due to she rejected my asking to gather and going home as usual. She used to have another agenda with her classmate and it happened more and more.
At that time, I used to get bad massages from her. She showed her mad at me. I felt that I slighted. Then, I used to cry. I apologized, but she did not forgive me.
The last day before my birthday, we were meeting. I tried to ask why she mad at me but I slighted again. Ridha felt at this way, he seems so mad at her, so he decided to leave us and permitted to go to toilet.
When we were going to go home together, I said that we had to wait for him, but they just leaved me alone. I was really confused at that time. Then, she sent me a massage “Our problem is clear. You more choose him than me.” It made my tears could not be stopped.
He wiped away my tear and asking me to celebrate my birthday at the movie. Surprisingly, Uci and Upi was coming to my house to give some surprise for me. They were really disappointed when I was not there. Yeah, It just a surprise.
Finally, she was really mad at me. It was real and true and did not just a surprise. All day, I apologized but she did not. She used send me a rough words. I just could cry. I decided to come to her classroom to apologize in front of her classmate and hug her (the moment was the break time of exam) but she kept slighted me. All day, she gave me a letter with worse words.
The other day, she said that she forgave me, so he asked me to accompany her to come to the art stage in our school. But as you know, she still slighted me. I seem like a strange people in her life.
At that time, my favorite song was “hurt” by Christina Aguilera.
"Hurt"
Seems like it was yesterday when I saw your face
You told me how proud you were but I walked away
If only I knew what I know today
I would hold you in my arms
I would take the pain away
Thank you for all you've done
Forgive all your mistakes
There's nothing I wouldn't do
To hear your voice again
Sometimes I want to call you but I know you won't be there
I'm sorry for blaming you for everything I just couldn't do
And I've hurt myself by hurting you
Some days I feel broke inside but I won't admit
Sometimes I just want to hide 'cause it's you I miss
You know it's so hard to say goodbye when it comes to this
Would you tell me I was wrong?
Would you help me understand?
Are you looking down upon me?
Are you proud of whom I am?
There's nothing I wouldn't do
To have just one more chance
To look into your eyes and see you looking back
I'm sorry for blaming you for everything I just couldn't do
And I've hurt myself
If I had just one more day, I would tell you how much that
I've missed you since you've been away
Oh, it's dangerous
It's so out of line to try to turn back time
I'm sorry for blaming you for everything I just couldn't do
And I've hurt myself
By hurting you
Though she became different, but the friendship between Ridha and I become closer and closer.
♥♣♥♣










CHAPTER V BATTEL HEART
a. No Regret
We had passed the National Examination. We held a graduation ceremony at the Bandung zoo. We went there by train. It was a pleasant experience for us even if only to the zoo, because the most important thing is the togetherness with my beloved friends.







1.9 The beautiful moment with my beloved friends (RUBAH: Revublic Bahasa); Republic Language at Bandung Zoo

We did not feel ashamed to go there even though most tourists who visit were children of kindergarten or elementary school.
After refreshing my body and my mind, I tried to register to the ITB to continue my education through scholarships. I choose English literature course, but I failed.
Then, I wanted to try college at UPI with a major in English Education. When I asked for the approval of my father, he seemed confused when I saw an entrance fee UPI. I understand his decision. My father must not only educate me but also my brother. It made me have to cancel my intentions. With a disappointed heart eventually I accepted his decision.
Then, I asked for permission to study at UIN, but my father asked me to continue to UNINUS. I really do not like with his proposal. With the help of my aunt, I was finally able to list PPA (Assessment of Academic Achievement). I selected English Education majors as a first choice, but I did not fill the second choice.
Then I passed the selection phase of the administration, so it can proceed to the interview stage. I took the test with friends after high school, especially Upi and Uci. Our friendship was being better then before.
Unfortunately we did not pass the test. We felt disappointed. So, my friend asked us to accompany him to watch movie at Jatos (Jatinangor Town Square), the movie was “Ketika Cinta Bertasbih”. Before going to the movie, I called my father to tell that I failed. My father just smiled and trying to reassured me not to give up.
I did not give up until there. I tried to remain strong although my heart was so disappointed. So I tried again to take the next Trials test. I took a written test even if fathers did not so agree. He desperately wanted me to be a teacher like him, but the English teacher of course. He was so worried if I did not pass to English Education.
Then I consulted with one of his lecturers at UIN, a friend of my aunt. He said that it was no problems for me though I passed at English Literature Department, because I could move my program in next third semester.
I tried to tell my father about that. Finally, my father agrees. I took a written test. Before the test I followed BIMTEST (Test Guidance) with my friend, named Erna. When I joined this program, I met Ridha with his niece, named Shintia. They also joined BIMTEST.
We were joining this guidance test course in Islamic Guidance major. There, I made friends and knowledge.
When the test began, I was so hard to answer the test especially Math, Science and Arabic.
Then, we were waiting for the result. Finally, the announced was announced. Ridha pass the test and take a Public Relation Department; Erna takes Elementary School Teacher Education; Shintia did not pass, so she decided to follow SNMPTN; I passed the second choice, English Department.

♥♣♥♣
c. Welcome to My parade
Before becoming a student at Islamic State University, we had to follow Orientation of academic recognition (OPAK). I slept over my aunt because I did not want to late. I went there with my brother, Fahrul.
There, I made a friends and had a great experiences. I got knowledge there.
After that, I officially became a student at the State Islamic University. I entered in the class BSI-E. I get lots of new friends there. There also I found my close friends are most precious; Shanti, Sari, cika, Nuh, Sopi, and Nci.
For some reason we can be together. I do not know, but we feel comport for each other to share our sadness and joy. We can do the work together, learn together, eat lunch together, and even watch a football game or basketball though. Whenever and wherever, especially around the campus, as though we can not be separated.




1.10 Here we are…

I also get a lot of new friends who very enjoyable. They are nice and friendly. Beside them, I got a lot of fun friends in another department.
Ridha and Fahrul are in Faculty of Communication Sciences; Erna are in Elementary School Teacher Education; Shintia are in Biology science. So, they introduced their friends to me, and so do I. Well, I got a lot of friends in my life.
I just want to say….
Welcome to My Parade…











CHAPTER VI
WISE WORDS


"Difficulties are opportunities to better things; they are stepping stones to greater experience. Perhaps someday you will be thankful for some temporary failure in a particular direction. When one door closes, another always opens." ~ Brian Adams

"Difficult times have helped me to understand better than before, how infinitely rich and beautiful life is in every way, and that so many things that one goes worrying about are of no importance whatsoever." ~ Isak Dinesen

“I am responsible. Although I may not be able to prevent the worst from happening, I am responsible for my attitude toward the inevitable misfortunes that darken life. Bad things do happen; how I respond to them defines my character and the quality of my life. I can choose to sit in perpetual sadness, immobilized by the gravity of my loss, or I can choose to rise from the pain and treasure the most precious gift I have – life itself.” ~ Walter Anderson

“Promise me you'll always remember: You're braver than you believe, and stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think." (Christopher Robin to Pooh in Pooh's Grand Adventure, Movie) - Characters based on writings of A. A. Milne

PUSAT-PUSAT PERADABAN ISLAM

PUSAT-PUSAT PERADABAN ISLAM

A. Baghdad
Kota Baghdad didirikan oleh Khalifah Abbasiyah kedua, Al-manshur (754-755) pada tahun 762 M. Setelah mencari-cari daerah yang strategis untuk ibu kotanya, pilihan jatuh pada daerah yang sekarang dinamakan Baghdad, terletak dipinggir kota Tigris. Al-manshur sangan cermat dan teliti dalam memilih lokasi yang akan dijadikan ibu kota. Ia menugaskan beberapa orang ahli untuk meneliti dan mempelajari lokasi. Bahkan, ada beberapa orang diantara mereka yang diperintahkan beberapa hari ditempat itu disetiap musim yang berbeda, kemudian para ahli tersebut melapaorkan kepadanya tentang keadaan udara, tanah dan lingkungan. Setelah penelitian saksama itulah daerah ini ditetapkan sebagai ibu kota dan pembangunan pun dimulai. Menurut cerita rakyat, dearah ini sebelumnya adalah tempat peristirahatan Kisra Anusyriwan, raja Persia yang mashur, di musim panas. Baghdad berarti “taman keadilan”. Taman itu lenyap bersama hancurnya kerajaan Persia. Akan tetapi nama itu tetap menjadi kenangan rakyat.
Dalam membangun kota ini, Khalifah mempekerjakan staf ahli bangunan yang terdiri dari arsitektur-arsitektur, tukang batu, tukang kayu, ahli lukis, ahli pahat, dan lain-lain. Mereka didatangkan dari Syria, Mosul, Basrah, dan Kufah yang berjumlah sekitar 100.000 orang. Kota ini berbentuk bundar. Disekelilingnya dibangun dinding tembok yang besar dan tinggi. Disebelah luar dinding tembok digali parit besar yang berfungsi sebagai saluaran air dan sekaligus sebagai benteng. Ada empat buah pintu gerbang diseputar kota ini, disediakan untuk setiap orang yang ingin memasuki kota. Keempat pintu gerbang itu adalah baba al-Kufah terletak disebelah barat daya, Bab al-syam dibarat laut, Bab al-Barshrah di tenggara, dan Bab al-Khurasan di timur laut. Diantara masing-masing pintu gerbang ini, dibangun 28 menara sebagai tempat pengawal Negara yang bertugas mengawasi keadaan diluar. Diatas setiap pintu gerbang dibangun suatu tempat peristirahatan.
Sejak awal berdirinya, kota ini sudah menjadi pusat peradaban dan kebangkitan ilmu pengetahuan dalam Islam. Itulah sebabnya Phili[ K. Hitti menyebutnya sebagai kota intelektual. Menurutnya, diantara kota-kota dunia, Baghdad merupakan Profesor masyarakat Islam. Al manshur memerintahkan penerjemahan buku-buku ilmiah dan kesusastraan dari bahasa asing: India, Yunani lama, Bizantium, Persia dan Syria. Para peminat ilmu dan kesusastraan segera berbondong-bondong dating ke kota itu.
Setelah masa Al manshur, kota Baghdad menjadi lebih mashyur lagi karena perannya sebagai pusat perkembangan peradaban dan kebudayaan Islam. Masa keemasan kota Baghdad terjadi pada zaman pemerintahan Khalifah Harun Al-Rasyid (786-809) dan anaknya Al-Ma’mun (813-833 M). dari kota inilah memancar sinar kebudayaan dan peradaban islam keseluruh dunia. Prestise politik, supremasi ekonomi, dan aktifitas intelektual merupakan tiga keistimewaan kota ini. Baghdad pada saat itu menjadi pusat peradaban dan kebudayaan yang tertinggi di dunia. Ilmu pengetahuan dan sastra berkembang sangat pesat. Banyak buku filsafat yang dipandang sudah “mati” dihidupkan kembali dengan diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa Arab.
Disamping itu banyak berdiri akademi, sekolah tinggi dan sekolah biasa yang memenuhi kota itu. Perguruan Nizhamiyyah, didirikan oleh Nizham Al-mulk, Perguruan Mustanshiriyah, didirikan 2 abad kemudian oleh Khalifah Mustanshir Billah.
Dalam bodang sastra, kota Bghdad terkenal dengan hasil karya yang indah dan digemari orang. Alf Lailah wa Lailah, atau kisah seribu satu malam. Dikota ini lahir pula al-Khawarizm (ahli astronomi dan matematika, penemu ilmu aljabar), al-Kindi (filosof Arab pertama), al-Razi (Filosof, ahli Fisika dan kedokteran), al-Farabi (filosof terbesar dan dijuluki dengan al-mu’allim al-Tsani, guru kedua setelah aristoteles), tiga pendiri madzhab hokum Islam (Abu Hanifah, Syafi’I, dan Ahmad Ibn Hambal), Al-Ghazali (Filosof, teolog, dan sufi besar dalam Islam yang dijuluki denagn Hujjah al-Islam), Abd Al-Qadir Al-Jilani (pendiri tarekat qadiriyah), Ibn Muqaffa’ (sastraawn besar), dan lain-lain.
Dalam bidang ekonomi, perkembangannya sejalan dengan perkembangan polotiknya. Pada masa Harun Al-Rasyid dan Al-Ma’mun, perdagangan dan industri berkembang pesat. Didukung oleh tiga buah pelabuhan yang ramai dikunjungi para khalifah dagang internasional (Cina, India, Asia tengah, Syria, Persia, Mesir, dan negeri Afrika lainnya)
Baghdad mendapat julukan Benteng Kesucian. Disinilah istirahatnya Imam Musa Al-Kazhim (imam ketujuh Syiah), Abu hanifah (pendiri mazhab Fiqh Hanafi), Syaikh Junaid, Syibli, dan Abdul Kadir Jailani (pemimpin-pemimpin kaum Sufi).
Kota ini juga muncul sebagai kota terindah dan termegah didunia pada saat itu, sebelum dihancurlkan oleh tentara Mongol dibawah pimpinan Hulagu Khan tahun 1258 M. mereka menghancurkan perpustakaan yang merupakan gudang ilmu. Pada tahun 1400 M, kota ini diserang pula oleh pasukan Timur Lenk, dan tahun 1508 M oleh tentara kerajaan safawi. Kota Baghdad sekarang tidak mencerminkan kemajuan Baghdad lama.

B. kairo (Mesir)
Kota kairo dibangun pada tanggal 17 Sya’ban 358 H/969 M oleh panglima perang dinasti fathimiah yang beraliran syiah, Jawhar Al-Siqili, atas perintah Khalifah Fathimiah, Al-Mu’izz Lidinillah (953-975 M), sebagai kota kerajaan dinasti tersebut.
Wilayah kekuasaannya meliputi Afrika utara, Sucilia dan Syria. Berdirinya kota Kairo sebagai ibu kota kerajaan membuat Baghdad mendapat saingan. Kemudian, Al-Siqili mendirikan mesjid Al-azhar, 17 Ramadhan 359 H. Mesjid ini berkembang menjadi sebuah Universitas besar yang sampai sekarang masih berdiri megah.
Kota ini mengalami tiga masa kejayaan, yaitu pada masa dinasti Fathimiah, di masa Shalah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi dan dibawah Baybars dan Al-Nashir pada masa dinasti Mamalik. Selama pemerintahan Muizz seni dan ilmu mengalami kemajuan besar. Al-Muizz melaksanakan tiga kebijakan besar, yaitu pembaharuan dalam bidang administrasi, pembangunan ekonomi, dan toleransi beragama (juga aliran). Dalam bidang administrasi, ia mengangkat wazir (menteri) untuk melaksanakan tugas kenegaraan. Dalam bidang ekonomi, ia memberi gaji khusus kepada tentara, personalia istana, dan pejabat pemerintahan lainnya. Dalam bidang agama, diadakan empat lembaga peradilan, dua untuk mazhab Syiah dan dua untuk mazhab Sunni. Pada masa Al-Aziz Billah dan Hakim Biamirillah, terdapat seorang mahaguru bernama Ibn Yunus yang menemukan pendulum dan ukuran eaktu dengan ayunannya. Karyanya Zij al-Akbar al-Hakim diterjemahkan kedalam berbagai bahasa. Dia meninggal pada tahun 1009 M dan penemuan-penemuannya diteruskan oleh Ibn Al-nabdi (1040) dan Hasan Ibn Haitham, seorang astronom dan ahli optika.
Pada masa pemerintahan Al-Hakim (996-1021 M), didirikan bait al-Hikmah. Dilembaga ini banyak buku-buku. Lembaga ini juga merupakan pusat pengkajian astronomi, kedokteran dan ajaran-ajaran Islam terutama Syiah.
Ketika jayanya, di Kairo terdapat lebih kurang 20.000 toko milik khalifah, penuh dengan barang-barang dari dalam dan luar negeri. Khafilah-khafialah, tempat-tempat pemandian, dan sarana umum lainnya banyak didirikan penguasa. Istana khalifah dihuni oleh 30.000 orang, 12.000 diantaranya adalah pembantu, 1000 pengawal berkuda.
Dinasti Fathimiah ditumbangkan oleh dinasti Ayyubiah yang didirikan oleh Shalah Al-Din, seorang pahlawan Islam yang terkenal pada perang salib. Ia tetap mempertahankan lembaga-lembaga ilmiah yang didirikan oleh Fathimiah tetapi mengubah orientasi keagamaannya dari Syiah kepada Sunni. Ia juga mndirikan lembaga-lembaga ilmiah baru, terutama mesjid yang dilengkapi dengantempat belajar teologi dan hokum. Karya-karya yang muncul pada saat itu dan sesudahnya adalah kamus biografi, compendium sejarah, manual hokum dan komentar-komentar teologi. Ilmu kedokteran diajarkan dirumah-rumah sakit. Prestasi yang lain adalah didirikannya sebuah rumah sakit bagi ornag yang cacat pikiran.
Setelah itu kekuasaan diambil alih oleh dinasti Mamamik. Dinasti ini mampu mempertahankan pusat kekuasaannya dari serangan bengsa Mongol dan mengalahkannya di Ayn Jalut dibawah pimpinan Baybars. Baybars dapat dikatakan sebagai pendiri dinasti ini. Ia juga pahlawan Islam pada saat perang salib. Pada masa itu, Kairo menjadi satu-satuya pusat peradaban Islam yang selamat dari serangan Mongol. Oleh karenanya, Kairo menjadi pusat peradaban dan kebudayaan Islam terpenting. Pada tahun 1261 M mengundang keturunan Abbasiah untuk melanjutkan Khalifahnya di Kairo. Kemudian banyak bangunan didirikan dengan arsitektur yang indah. Namun pada tahun 1517 M, dinasti Mamalik dikalahkan oleh kerajaan Usmani yang berpusat di Turki dan sejak itu Kairo hanya menjadi ibu kota provinsi dari kerajaan Usmani tersebut.

C. Ishafan (Persia)
Isfahan ialah kota terkenal di Persia, pernah menjadi ibu kota kerajaan Safawi.Ardasir, raja Persia pernah membangun irigasi untuk pengaturan air dari sungai Zandah, bernama Zirrin Rod, berarti sungai emas. Hingga sekarang perekonomian negeri ini sangat bergantung kepada pertanian kapas, candu, dan tembakau.
Kota ini, sebelum barada dibawah kerajaan Safawi, sudah beberapa kali mengalami pergantian penguasa: Diansti Samani tahun 301 H, kemudian direbut oleh Mardawij tahun 316 H dan memerdekakan diri dari kekuasaan Baghdad. Setelah itu jatuh ketangan penguasa Bani Buwaih dan pada tahun 421 H direbut oleh Mahmud Al-Ghaznawi, penguasa dinasti Ghaznawiah. Dari penguasa Ghaznawiah ini, Isfahan lepas ketangan penguasa Seljuk dan dijadikan sebagai tempat tinggal sultan Maliksyah. Pada tahun 625 H, terjadi pertempuran disini, ketika tentara-tentara Mongol menyerbu negeri-negeri Islam dan menjadikan Isfahan sebagai salah satu bagian dari wilayah kekuasaan Mongol itu. Ketika Timur Lenk menyerbu negeri-negeri Islam, kota ini ikut jatuh ketangannya tahun 790 H dan sekitar 7000 orang penduduknya terbunuh. Setelah itu kota ini dikuasai oleh kerajaan Usmani tahun 955 H dan pada tahun 1134 H, terjadi pertempuran antara Husein Syah, Raja Safawi dengan Mahmud Al-Afgani, yang mengakhiri riwayat kerajaan Safawi sendiri. Pada tahun 1141 H, kota ini berada dibawah kekuasaan Nadir Syah.
Ketika raja Safawi , Abbas I menjadikan Isafan sebagai ibu kota kerajaannya, kota ini menjadi kota luas dan ramai dengan penduduk. Masjid Syah yang masih ada sampai sekarang yang didirikan oleh Abbas I, merupakan salah stu mesjid terindah di dunia. Pintunya dilapisi dengan perak. Di samping itu, ada lapangan dan tanaman yang terawatt baik dan menawan.

D. Istanbul (Turki)
Istanbul adalah ibu kota kerajaan Turki Usmani yang sebelumnya merupakan ibu kota kerajaan Romawi Timur, yang bernama Konstantinopel. Jauh sebelum Turki Usmani dibawah sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih berhasil menaklukan Konstantinopel, para pemimpin Islam sejak zaman Al-Khalifah Al-Rasyidah, kemudian khalifah bani Umayah dan Khalifah bani Abbas berusaha kearah itu. Namun, baru pada masa kerajaan Turki Usmani usaha itu berhasil.
Setelah Muhammad Al-Fatih menjadikan Istanbul sebagai Ibu kota kerajaan Turki Usmani, ia melakukan penataan hal-ihwal orang Kristen Yunani (Romawi). Dalam penataan tersebut ia tetap memberikan kebebasan tehadap pihak gereja, seperti yang dilakukan para pendahulunya dan mengakui agama lain sesuai dengan ajaran Islam yang menghormati keyakinan suatu agama. Sultan memberi kebebasan kepada penganut agama Kristen, misalnya untuk memilih dan menentukan patriach. Penduduk Istanbul memang heterogen dalam bidang agama. Menurut sensus tahun 1477 adalah sebagai berikut: Muslim 8951 rumah tangga (60%), penganut Kristen Ortodoks (Yunani) 3151 rumah tangga (21,5%), Yahudi 1647 rumah tangga (11%), dan lain-lain 1054 rumah tangga (7.5%).
Kerajaan Turki Usmani dengan ibu kota Istanbul itu menjadi sebuah Negara adi daya pada masa jayanya. Wilayah kekuasaannya meliputi sebagian besar Eropa Timur, Timur Tengah, dan Afrika Utara. Sebagai sebuah kerajaan Islam terbesar pada saat itu, maka raja-rajanya juga memakai gelat khalifah. Istana khalifah terletak di kota ini.
Sebagai ibu kota, disinilah tempat berkembangnya kebudayaan Turki yang merupakan perpaduan bermacam-macam kebudayaan. Mereka banyak mengambil ajaran etika dan politik dari bangsa Persia. Dalam bidang kemiliteran dan pemerintahan, kebudayaan Bizantium banyak mempengaruhi kerajaan Turki Usmani ini. Kemudian sejak mereka pertama kali masuk Islam, Arab sudah menjadi guru mereka dalam bidang agama, ilmu, prinsip-prinsip kemasyarakatan, dan hokum. Huruf Arab dijadikan huruf resmi kerajaan.
Kekuasaan tertinggi memang beradadi tangan sultan, tetapi roda pemerintahan dijalankan oleh Shadr Al-A’zham (perdana menteri) yang berkedudukan di ibu kota. Jabatan-jabatan penting, termasuk perdana menteri, seringkali justru diserahkan kepada orang-orang asal Eropa, dengan syarat menyatakan diri secara formal masuk Islam.
Dalam bidang arsitektur, masjid-masjid yang dibangun disana membuktikan kemajuannya. Gereja Aya Sophia, setelah penaklukan diubah menjadi sebuah mesjid agung yang terpenting di Istanbul. Masjid-masjid yang penting lainnya adalah Masjid Agung Al-Muhhamadi, Masjid Abu Ayyub Al-Anshari, Masjib Bayazid dengan gaya Persia, dan masjid Sulaiman Al-Qanuni.
Di samping masjid, para sultan juga mendirikan istana-istana dan villa yang megah, sekolah, asrama, rumah sakit, panti asuhan, penginapan, pemandian umum, pusat-pusat tarekat, dan sebagainya.

E. Delhi (India)
Delhi adalah ibu kota kerajaan-kerajaaan Islam di India sejak tahun 608 H sampai kerajaan Mughal runtuh oleh Inggris tahun 1858. Delhi juga menjadi pusat kebudayaan dan peradaban Islam di anak benua India. Sebelum Islam masuk, Delhi berada di bawah kekuasaan keturunan Johan rajput. Tahun 589 H kota ini ditaklukkan oleh Qutb Al-Din Aybak dan tahun 602 H ini dijadikan ibu kota kerajaan tersendiri olehnya. Dinasti Mamluk ini berkuasa sampai tahun 689 H, kemudian diganti oleh dinasti Khalji (1296-1316 M), setelah itu dinasti Tughlug (1320-1413 M). Babul, raja Mughal pertama, merebut Delhi dari tangan dinasti Lodi.
Dinasti Mamluk mendirikan sebuah menara setinggi 257 kaki (Qutb Manar) dan sebuah Masjid bernama “Qutb Al-Islam). Mamluk juga memperluas tembok kota Hindu (kil’a Ray Pithora).
Dinasti Khalji memperluas benteng Lalkot yang lama dengan maksud mempertahankan kota dari serangan bangsa Mongol. Dinasti ini juga mendirikan sebuah istana megah tersendiri.
Sementara itu, raja pertama dinasti Thuglug mendirikan Tughlughabad, sekitar 8 km di sebelah timur Kil’a Ray Pithora, yang kemudian dijadikan sebagai pusat pemerintahan tahun 720 H. Muhammad ibn Tughlug juga melaksanakan sebuah proyek raksasa, yaitu mendirikan Adilabad yang kemudian dikenal dengan kota Jahanpanah. Hal yang sama dilakukan Fairuz Tughlugh dengan mendirikan kota Fairuzabad yang kemudian dikenal dengan Syahjahanabad.
Setelah Delhi Delhi dihancurkan oleh tentara timur Lenk, kekuasaan raja-raja yang berkedudukan di Delhi merosot tajam. Delhi baru menjadi ibu kota kerajaan Mughal pada masa Humayun (1530-1556), seorang raja yang cinta ilmu. Dia wafat saat terjatuh di tangga perpustakaannya di Panah. Raja Mughal lainnya, Syah Jehan (1628-1658M) mendirikan kota Syahjahanabad.
Delhi Islam yang dapat disaksikan sekarang adalah Delhi yang hanya dibangun oleh kerajaan Mughal.

F. Andalus (Spanyol)
Di Spanyol anyak kota-kota Islam yang Mashyur dan menjadi pusat peradaban Islam:Sevilla, Kordova, Granada, Murcia, dan Toledo. Yang terpenting diantaranya adalah Kordova dan Granada.


a. Kordova
Sebelum Spanyol ditaklukan oleh tentara Islam tahun 711 M, Kordova adalah ibu kota kerajaan Kristen Visigoth, sebelum dipindahkan ke Toledoi. Dibawah pemerintahan Visigoth, Kordova yang sebelumnya makmur menjadi mundur. Kemakmurannya bangkit kembali di masa kekuasaan Islam. Pada tahun 756 M, kota ini menjadi ibu kota dan pusat pemerintahan Bani Umayyah di Spanyol, setelah Bani Umayyah di Damaskus jatuh ke tangan Bani Abbas tahun 750 M. Penguasa Bani Umayyah pertama Spanyol adalah Abn Al-Rahman Al-Dakhil. Kekuasaan bani Umayyah di Andalus ini berlangsung dari tahun 756 M-1031 M.
Sebagai ibu kota pemerintahan, Kordova di masa Bani umayah mengalami perkembangan pesat. Bnayak bangunan baru yang didirikan, seperti istana dan masjid-masjid.Kota ini juga diperluas, membangun sebuah jembatan berarsitektur islam dalam gaya Romawi, dan lain-lain. Perkembangan kota ini mencapai puncaknya pada masa pemerintahan Abd Al-Rahman Al-nashir di pertengahan abad ke10 M.Pada masa Islam, Kordova terkenal juga sebagai pusat kerajinan barang-barang dari perak, sulaman-sulaman, dari sutera dan kulit. Pada tahun 1236 M, Kordova direbut oleh tentara Kristen di bawah pimpinan Ferdinand III dari Castilla. Setelah itu, supremasi Islam di Spanyol mulai mengalami kemunduran.
Pada masa pemerintahan Bani Ummayah di Spanyol, Kordova mnejadi pusat ilmu pengetahuan. Di kota ini berdiri Universitas Cordova, perpustakaan besar yang mempunyai koleksi kira-kira 400.000 judul buku. Hal tersebut tak terlepas dari Abd Al-rahman Al-Nashir dan anaknya Al-Al-HAkam. Pada masanyalah tercapai apa yang dinamakan masa keemasan ilmu pengetahuan dan sastra di Spanyol Islam.
Zaman emasnya kesusastraan dan Ilmu di Spanyol terjadi ketika daerah ini dibawah pemerintahan Hakam Al-Mustansir Billah yang meninggal tahun 976 M.
Pada masa jayanya, di Kordova terdapat 491 masjid dan 900 pemandian umum. Karena air di Kota ini tak dapat diminum, penguasa Muslim mendirikan saluran air dari pegunungan yang penjangnya 80 km.
b. Granada
Kota ini berada dibawah kekuasaan Islam hamper bersamaan dengan kota-kota lain di Spanyol yang ditaklukan oleh tentara Bani Umayyah di bawah pimpinan Tarik Ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nushair tahun 711 M. Pada masa pemerintahan Bani Umayyah di Spanyol, kota ini disebut Andalusia Atas. Pada masa itu, Granada mengalami perkembangan pesat. Setelah Bani Umayyah mengalami kemunduran, tahun 1031 M, dalam jangka 60 tahun, Granada diperintah oleh dinasti Zirids. Setelah itu, Granada jatuh kebawah pemerintahan Al-Mubarithun, sebuah dinasti barbar di Afrika Utara pada tahun 1090-111149 M.
Pada abad ke12, Granada menjadi Kota terbesar kelima di Spanyol. Sejak abad ke13, Granada diperintah oleh dinasti Nasrid selama lebih kurang 250 tahun. Pada masa itulah dibangun istana megah (Al-Hambra). Istana ini dibangun oleh arsitek-arsitek Muslim pada tahun 1238 M dan terus dikembangkan sampai tahun 1358 M. Istana ini terletak di sebelah Timur Al-Kajaba, sebuah benteng tentara Islam. Granada terkenal dengan tembok dan 20 menara mengitarinya.
Pada masa pemerintahan Muhammad V (1354-1391 M), Granada mencapai puncak kejayaannya, baik dalam bidang arsitektur maupun dalam bidang politik. Pada tahun 1492, kota ini jatuh ke tangan penguasa Kristen, raja Ferdinand dan Issabela. Selanjutnay, tahun 1610 M orang-orang Islam diusir dari kota ini oleh penguasa Kristen.

G. Samarkand dan Bukhara (Transoxania)
Kota ini beberapa kali diduduki oleh Iskandar ketika ia dan pasukannya berperang melawan Spitamenes. Tapi menurut bangsa Arab, Iskandarlah yang mendirikan kota itu.Setelah tahun 323 M, kota ini menjadi bagian dari sebuah kekuasaan yang berpusat di Bactria. Setelah itu, disana berdiri kerajaan Graeco-Bactrion (Bactria Yunani) pada masa Anthiochus II Theos. Sejak itu, hubungan politik dan ekonomi antara Samarkand dengan Persia dan Cina terputus, meskipun dalam bidang budaya masih berlanjut. Dilihat dari bangunan-bangunan kuno, pengaruh Persia sudah lama tertanam disana. Pengaruh Cina juga besar. Sebelum Islam dating disana sudah terdapat tempat ibadah agama Budha.
Usaha-usaha Islam dalam ekspansi ke negeri ini selalu gagal, kecuali setelah Qutaibah ibn Muslim ditunjuk sebagai gubernur Khurasan. Ketika itu Samrkand diperintah oleh Tharkhun. Pada tahun 91 H ia mengadakan perjanjian damai dengan Qutaibah dan berjanji untuk membayar Jizyah (pajak) kepada pemerintah Islam di Damaskus, dibawah dinasti Bani umayyah. Namun penduduk negeri itu marah kepada Tarkhun dan menurunkannya dari kekuasaannya. Posisinya diganti oleh Ikhsyiz Ghurik. Qutaibah berjasil memaksa Ikhsyiz untuk menerima perjanjian itu pada tahun 93 H setelah ia dan pasukannya mengepung kota dalam waktu yang cukup panjang. Sejak itu, Samarkand dan Bukhara menjadi batu loncatan untuk melancarkan ekspansi lebih luas di negeri Transoxiana.
Pada tahun 204 H, Al-Ma’mun , khalifah dari Bani Abbas di Baghdad menyerahkan semua urusan pemerintahan negeri Transoxiana, khususnya Samarkand dan Bukhara kepada keluarga Asad ibn Saman. Sejk itu, dua kota ini berada di bawah kekuasaan dinasti Samaniah. Samarkand menjadi daerah yang sangat makmur dan sejahtera. Ia menjadi pusat perdagangan dan kebudayaan Islam.
Penghasilan utama kota Samarkand adalah kertas Samarkand yang terkenal. Sedangkan kota Bukhara terkenal dengan perdagangan dan industri tenunnya. Di Samarkand terdapat makam terkenal, yaitu makam Qasim ibn Abbas (pembawa agama Islam ke negeri ini pada masa Khlaifah Usman bin Affan). Sedangkan di Bukhara terdapat makam Baha’ Al-Din Al-Naqsyabandi. Bukhara juga dikenal sebagai pusat ilmu-ilmu keagamaan Islam.
Setelah dinasti Samaniah runtuh, Samrkand dan Bukhara jatuh ke tangan dinasti Seljuk Sanjar tahun 495 H. tapi pada tahun 536 H kota ini direbut oleh dinasti Khawarizmsyah. Pada tahun 606 H, dua kota ini dikepung oleh Jengis Khan, yaitu pada tahun 616 H, setahun kemudian, kota Samarkand, setelah sebagian penduduk dibunuh dan bangunan dihancurkan, penduduk yang lain diperkenankan tinggal di sana di bawah kekuasaan Mongol.
Selama seratus lima puluh tahun berikutnya sejarah kota ini sangat menyedihkan. Kebangkitan kembali terjadi mulai tahun 771 H, pada masa pemerintahan Timur Lenk, penguasa tertinggi di Transoxiana. Timur Lenk menjadikan Samarkand sebagai ibu kota pemerintahannya. Kota ini diperindah oleh Ulugh Bek (857 H), cucu Timur Lenk, dengan mendirikan sebuah istana yang sangat megah. Di pihak lain, Bukhara, secara politik, menjadi sebuah kota yang tak berarti. Tahun 906 H, dua kota ini jatuh ke tangan Syaibani, raja Uzbek. Setelah ia wafat, direbutoleh Babur, raja Mughal di India dan daerah Transoxiana kembali dikuasai oleh orang-orang Uzbekistan. Pada tahun 1917 M, Uni Soviet berdiri dan Uzbekistan yang didalamnya terdapat Samarkand dan Bukhara menjadi bagian dari Uni Soviet. Penduduknya kemudian menganut ideology Komunis. Sejak tahun 1992 M, Uzbekistan menjadi Negara muslim merdeka, karena Uni Soviet bubar dengan sendirinya.

Chris Brown lyrics featuring Keri Hilson – Superhuman Chris Brown

Chris Brown lyrics featuring Keri Hilson – Superhuman
Chris Brown
Weak
I have been crying and crying for weeks
How’d I survive when I can barely speak
Barely eat
On my knees
Keri Hilson
But that’s the moment you came to me
I don’t know what your love has done to me
Think I’m invincible you see
Through the me
I used to be
Chorus
Chris Brown
You changed my whole life
Keri Hilson
Don’t know what your doing to me with your love
Chris Brown
I’m feeling all Superhuman
You did that to me
Super human heart beats in me
Duet : Chris Brown and Keri Hilson
Nothing can stop me here with you, superhuman
Superhuman
Chris Brown
Superhuman
Keri Hilson
Superhuman
Chris Brown
Strong
Since I’ve been flying and righting the wrongs
Feels almost like i had it all along
I can see tomorrow
Keri Hilson
But every problem is gone because
I flew everywhere with love inside of me
It’s unbelievable to see
How love could set me free
Chorus
Duet
You changed my whole life
Don’t know what your doing to me with your love
I’m feeling all Superhuman
You did that to me
Superhuman heart beats in me
Nothing can stop me here with you, superhuman
Superhuman
Chris Brown
Superhuman
Chris Brown
Its not a bird
Not a plane
Duet
Its my heart and its gonna go away
Duet
My only weakness is you
Only reason is you
Every minute with you I feel like I can do
Anything
Chorus
Chris Brown and Keri Hilson
Going going I’m going away
In love
You changed my whole life
Don’t know what your doing to me with your love
I’m feeling all Superhuman
You did that to me
Superhuman heart beats in me
Nothing can stop me here with you, superhuman
Superhuman
Chris Brown
Superhuman

Unsur intrinsik Novel Edensor

1. Tokoh-Tokoh:
1. Ikal
2. Arai; Arai Ichsanul Mahidin
a. Di Pulau Belitung:
1. Weh; Laki-laki pribumi cerdas yang pernah menempuh pendidikan di Mollen Bass Technisce School yang karena menanggung malu menderita burut, akhirnya memilih untuk mengasingkan diri menjadi nelayan dan hidup di perahu.Weh adalah guru untuk Ikal, memberi pelajaran besar untuk mengenal dirinya sendiri.
2. Mak Birah; Mak Birah adalah dukun beranak yang membantu kelahiran Ikal.
3. Taikong Hamim; Penggawa masjid kampong, guru ngaji.
4. Ayah; Ayah ikal yang pendiam
5. Ibu; Ibu ikal; temperamental, tak pantang menyerah, keras kepala.
b. Di Eropa:
1. Dr. Michaela Woodward; Seorang Keynesian, pejabat Uni Eropa yang menjadi penentu akhir beasiswa.seorang yang temperamental.
2. Famke Somers; Penerima besiswa Uni Eropa, mahasiswi Amsterdam School of The Arts yang mendalami street performance yang juga seorang model. Seorang yang ramah dan cantik.
3. Simon Van Der Wall; Landlord atau pemilik kost tempat Arai dan Ikal singgah sementara di Brussel. Laki-laki dingin yang birokratis. Seorang yang tinggi besar, berewokan, santai tapi angker, dan memiliki hidung yang bongkok.
4. Pak Toha; laki-laki tua dari Purbalingga yang karena peristiwa 65 menetap di Rumania dan belum pernah kembali ke Indonesia.Sebuah perjumpaan yang tak terduga, saat Arai dan Ikal menjelajah Eropa.
c. Teman sekelas Ikal:
1. The Pathetic Four terdiri dari Ikal, Monahar Vikram Raj Chauduri Manooj (MVRC Manooj), seorang India; Pablo Arian Gonzales, seorang Mexico; dan Ninochka Stronovsky, seorang perempuan Ukraina.
2. Naomi Stansfield; dedengkot The Brits. Ia lebih senang dipanggil nama belakangnya saja yaitu Stansfield, memiliki sifat primordial, perempuan yang trendi, sengak, cerdas.
3. Virginia Sue Townsend; mahasiswa Amerika Serikat ; pesaing utama Naomi Stansfield
4. Katya Kristanaema; mahasiswa Jerman;cerdas dan cantik. The most wanted girl in class. Ia menyukai Ikal.
3. Penokohan;
Orang pertama pelaku utama (Aku).
4. Setting;
a. Setting Tempat:
- Mesjid, - Sekolah, - Perahu, - Mentawai, - Lor-lor ganas Karimata, - Perairan Kalimantan, Tanjung Sambar, - Ballona, Tasmania menuju Kuala Trenggano, - Bellitong, - Bus reyot, - Kuburan dekat rawa-rawa nifah, - Rumah, - Bendungan PN Timah, - Toko kelontong Sinar Harapan, - Komidi, - Kelas, - Bogor, - kantor perusahaan, - ruko, - perumahan, - kantor pos, - Frankfurt, - Bandara Soekarno-Hatta, - Fokker 28, - Bandara Schippol, - Belanda, - Kereta Underground, - Brussel, - kota kecil di pinggir Belgia, - Brugge, - Apartemen, - Jalan Raya Oudlaan, - pohon rowan, - Stasiun Brugge, - Kantor Uni-Eropa, - kantor Dr. Michaella Woodward, - Palais des Beaux Arts dan pusat jajanan, - Bus Euroline, - Prancis (Liége, Marche, Bostogne, Terminal bus gallieni),- Pont de Lavellois-Becon, - stasiun Harve caumartin, - Trocadero, Eiffel, Apartemen Mallot, Universitas Sorbonne, took musik di L’Avenue des Champs-Elysees, - Departemen Biologi, - Jalan Hector Mallot, - metro, - Cimetiere du Pere-Lachaise, - teater, - Provence, - Kafe mahasiswa Brigandi et Bougresses, - apartemen Stansfield, - Halaman kampus, - kantin, - perpustakaan, - mulut stasiun Notre Dame des Champs, - Solferino, - Apartemen Katya, - kamar Arai, - di bawah patung Robert de Sorbonne, - Teater musim panas, - Various, - Museum Le louver, - balkon apartemen Katya, - Pinggir sungai Seine, - Chevalier, - Piccadilly, London, - Prancis Selatan, - Turin, Italia, - Terminal gallieni, - Damrak, - Paleis, - Koninklijk Paleis, - Groningen, - Centrum, - nieuwstad, - sudut Stasiun Kõln, Hepsenky, - Finlandia, - Belomorks, Syzran, - Belush’ye, - gerbong, - lokalisasi Nieuwstad, - truk, - Parsi, - Akropolis, Yunani, - Balkan, - Estonia, - Swiss, - Stasiun Sentral Austria, - Gmunden, - Masjid Afganistan, - Venesia, - Fon Tana de Revi (Roma), Verona, - Milan, - gereja, - Ponte Vechio, - Regio, - Palermo, - kapal, - Tunisia, - Perbatasan Nigeria dan Mali, - gurun sahara, - Zaiere, - Spanyol, - Café Nou Camp, - ICU, - Terminal Victoria, - Sheffield, - Stadion Bramma Lane, - London Road, - Sungai Ouse, - rumah Profesor Turnbull, - halte bus, - Edensor.
b. Setting Waktu
- Berminggu-minggu, - Akhir pekan, pagi buta, - hari pertama bulan September, - 23 Oktober pukul setengah 12 malam, - dini hari, - sabtu sore, - minggu pagi, - pukul dua pagi, - setiap jum’at, - awal September, - jum’at pagi, - 28 maret.
c. Setting Psikologis/suasana
- memalukan, - kedinginan, - pucat, - hangat, - sedih, - menikam hatiku, - tertekan batin, - perasaan melambung, - sunyi, - mencekam, - dingin, - was-was, - panas, - penuh cinta.
5. Amanat;
- Jangan mudah menyerah.
- bermimpilah setinggi-tingginya karena Tuhan akan mendengar dan kelak pasti dikabulkan.
- perbuatan buruk dimasa lalu akan menjadi karma/balasan dimasa mendatang.
- cinta sejati yg penuh kesetiaan dan pengorbanan.
- hidup lah mandiri, jgn selalu tergantung pada org lain/ortu.
- Pengalaman dan ilmu bisa didapat dari mana saja.
- dst
6. Tema
“Kesuksesan barawal dari mimpi.”

Because Of You – Kelly Clarkson lyric

Because Of You – Kelly Clarkson

I will not make the same mistakes that you did
I will not let myself cause my heart so much misery
I will not break the way you did
You fell so hard
I learned the hard way, to never let it get that far

Because of you
I never stray too far from the sidewalk
Because of you
I learned to play on the safe side
So I don't get hurt
Because of you
I find it hard to trust
Not only me, but everyone around me
Because of you
I am afraid

I lose my way
And it's not too long before you point it out
I cannot cry
Because I know that's weakness in your eyes
I'm forced to fake a smile, a laugh
Every day of my life
My heart can't possibly break
When it wasn't even whole to start with

Because of you
I never stray too far from the sidewalk
Because of you
I learned to play on the safe side
So I don't get hurt
Because of you
I find it hard to trust
Not only me, but everyone around me
Because of you
I am afraid

I watched you die
I heard you cry
Every night in your sleep
I was so young
You should have known better than to lean on me
You never thought of anyone else
You just saw your pain
And now I cry
In the middle of the night
Over the same damn thing

Because of you
I never stray too far from the sidewalk
Because of you
I learned to play on the safe side so I don't get hurt
Because of you
I tried my hardest just to forget everything
Because of you
I don't know how to let anyone else in
Because of you
I'm ashamed of my life because it's empty
Because of you
I am afraid

Because of you

So Sick - Ne Yo Lyric

So Sick - Ne Yo


Mmmm mmm yeah
Do do do do do do do-do
Ohh Yeah

Gotta change my answering machine
Now that im alone
Cuz right now it says that we
Cant come to the phone
And I know it makes no sence
Cuz you walked out the door
But its the only way I hear your voice anymore
(its ridiculous)Its been months
And for some reason I just
(cant get over us)
And im stronger then this(enough is enough)
No more walkin round
With my head down
Im so over being blue
Cryin over you
And im so sick of love songs
So tired of tears
So done with wishing you were still here
Said im so sick of love songs so sad and slow
So why cant I turn off the radio?
Gotta fix that calender I have
Thats marked July 15th
Because since theres no more you
Theres no more anniversary
Im so fed up with my thoughts of you
And your memory
And how every song reminds me
Of what used to be
Thats the reason im so sick of love songs
So tired of tears
So done with wishing you were still here
Said im so sick of love songs so sad and slow
So why cant I turn off the radio?
(Leave me alone)Leave me alone
(Stupid love songs)Dont make me think about her smile
Or having my first child
Let it go
Turning off the radio
Cuz im so sick of love songs
So tired of tears
So done with wishing she was still here
Said im so sick of love songs so sad and slow
So why cant I turn off the radio?(why cant I turn off the radio?)
Said im so sick of love songs
So tired of tears
So done with wishing she was still here
Said im so sick of love songs so sad and slow
So why cant I turn off the radio?(why cant I turn off the radio?)
And im so sick of love songs
So tired of tears
So done with wishin you were still here
Said im so sick of love songs so sad and slow
Why cant I turn off the radio?(why cant I turn off the radio?)
Why cant I turn off the radio?

Resep Bolu KUkus

BOLU KUKUS
Bahan:
4 butir telur
1/2 kg gula
1/2 kg terigu
25 gr susu bubuk
350 cc Sprite
1 sdm Sp (Pengembang)
Vanilli secukupnya
Cara membuat:
- Masukkan semua bahan kecuali terigu.
- Kocok hingga mengembang, lalu masukkan terigu.
- Siapkan kertas dan cetakan untuk bolu kukus.
- Tuang dan kukus hingga matang dengan api kecil.

wise word

^Pelajaran^

Aku tau rasanya sakit ketika senyuman nampak menjadi sebuah ungkapan sinis. Tapi dari situ aku bisa belajar bahwa senyuman harus terus mengalir, meskipun sulit bagiku menemukan kesempurnaan mereka. Dan aku tak peduli mereka membalas dengan positif ataupun sebaliknya. Tapi yang terpenting, aku telah membagi senyumanku untuk mereka.

Aku tau rasanya dicintai, sangat indah dan selalu membuat hatiku berbunga-bunga. Dari situ aku bisa belajar mencintai seseorang sekalipun ia membenci kita. Dan aku juga tahu ketika cinta itu berubah jadi sebaliknya, disitu aku belajar menghargai dan menerima, sekalipun itu sakit.

Aku tau rasanya diberi perhatian. Disitu aku telah belajar memperhatikan orang sekitar agar mereka tau ternyata banyak yang menyayangi mereka. Ternyata terdapat didalam diri mereka sebuah percaya diri. Bahwa mereka dicintai.

Aku telah belajar dan berusaha sekuat tenaga untuk merubah hal buruk menjadi lebih baik di diriku. Namun kadang kesempurnaan tak selalu datang menghampiri. Namun dari sana aku telah belajar untuk menghargai usaha, dan mencoba mengubah sedikit demi sedikit kesempurnaan. Paling tidak, buruk menjadi agak baik, agak baik menjadi baik, dan baik menjadi lebih baik, lebih baik lagi hingga mencapai tahap yang paling baik.

Aku tahu rasanya sedih dan menangis. Dari situ aku belajar untuk menjaga agar mereka tak merasakan itu.

Aku telah belajar bahwa kata kadang dapat membentuk sebuah pikiran dan hati. Membentuk ketidak sesuaian, bertolak belakang. Dan juga melukai. Dan karena itu aku telah dan terus belajar bagaimana memilih kata-kataku dengan hati-hati. Agar mereka tetap disampingku tanpa ku lukai.

Aku telah belajar bahwa menang bukanlah seegalanya, meskipun kadang menang tampak menjadi yang terpenting. Namun setelah itu aku tahu bahwa lawan utamaku adalah selalu diriku sendiri.

Aku tahu bahwa kadang upaya terbaikku tak cukup baik bagi orang lain. Itu membuatku selalu berusaha agar upayaku akan sengat baik bagi mereka.

Aku tahu kadang aku sangat kecewa terhadap diriku sendiri, apalagi jika mereka kecewa padaku. Itu membuat aku belajar berusaha tuk takkan lagi kecewakan mereka.

Aku tahu rasanya dimarahi karena kesalahanku. Mereka bernafsu dan beramarah. Tapi pelajaran itu menjadikanku kuat. Dan tak mampu memarahi mereka. Belajar menghargai dan selalu memberikan kesempatan terbaik.

Aku tahu rasanya mempunyai seuatu yang berarti bagiku. Dan kadang membuatku egois. Selalu akulah pemiliknya. Tapi aku telah mengerti betapa aku telah merampas kemerdekaannya. Dan aku telah berusaha menjadi tak egois lagi.

Aku tahu bagaimana rasanya mencintai. Kadang itu menjadi sulit ketika aku merasa tak dicintai. Tapi aku telah mencoba untuk selalu menyimpannya dan tetap menebarnya.

Aku tahu rasanya berharap dan putus harapan. Namun aku sekarang tahu ketika harapan menjadi sangat kuat bagiku, ketika aku telah mencapainya. Dan aku akan terus menyimpannya. Harapan dan keyakinan akan kenyataan.

Aku tahu kegelapan akan harus ada walau hanya untuk memberikan sepercik sinar itu menjadi tampak terang.

Aku juga tahu bahwa air mata bisa berubah menjadi senyuman. Kadang aku pun harus terseok-seok untuk mecapai kebahagiaan.

Aku tau rasanya dimaafkan walaupun kesalahan kadang datang berulang-ulang. Karenanya aku belajar memaafkan . Dan terus mengulurkan tangan.

Aku telah belajar percaya. Karena kepercayaan datang karena dipercaya.

Aku telah belajar jujur. Walaupun itu kadang menyakitkan mereka. Tapi kadang jujur juga bisa membuat mereka bertahan disampingku.

Aku tahu bahwa aku kuat. Aku bisa!! Mengubah diriku menjadi kebanggaan, menjadi bintang dihati mereka

Aku telah belajar berterimakasih. Dan telah belajar mengulurkan tangan. Karena mereka pula.

[ Tulisan ini diperuntukan kepada mereka yang selalu dihati dan duniaku. Mereka yang selalu ada bersamaku meskipun aku melakukan kesalahan. Mereka yang mengajariku untuk berubah menjadi yang lebih baik. Mereka yang selalu menyayangiku, mereka yang selalu peduli.]

Bandung, 23 Januari 2010,


Silvina Nugrahwati

The Teenage Mutan Ninjas

The Teenage Multi Ninjas

April bought an ancient lamp. But suddenly it turned on and the wind blown. They had never guess before that it could change the condition. So that, April and the turtles moved to an ancient empire of Japan. While, the other who holding lamp (the magical lamp) moved to America today.
After the cross moving, April was seized by the citizen of that empire. She accused as a magician. Because she bought a walkman and their son (prince Kenshin) was lost. The turtles looked for her. They released April, but they had to face the citizen. They had attacked them. Nevertheless, the war off because of the turtle told a truth. They also lost the lamp.
After that, the camp of them was attacked by the colonial of America. The turtles helped the civil. But when the turtles put off their disguish the colonial felt afraid, because they thought that they were monsters. And the A led of America colonial believed that they were devils.
While, the people of that empire (especially Kenshin) looks strange lived in America. They lived with April’s boy friend. They were acquainted about any technologies. They looked like silly.
Then, Yoshi (Japanese boy) found that magical lamp which he took in the top of roof. He also gave it to Raphael (the turtle). But the colonial attacked them back, and seized Mitshu (Japanese girl). Yet, she could saved by the turtles, April and civil of Japanese camp.
Because of the led of colonial, named Norigara or Walker incapable to shut the turtle (he afraid if he killed them, as he thought that they were a devil, he could be killed too). So, he ran off and brought the lamp and threw it up. But it could be saved by Mickey (the turtle), and made Walker fallen into the sea.
After that, Kenshin in America tried to turn on the lamp, and also April in the empire of Japan. The wind blown and they were back in a normal condition. April and turtles back to America and Kenshin back to empire of Japan.

Review-DINOSAUR

DINOSAUR

Once upon a time there was a jungle where a dinosaur lived. Suddenly, the meteor fallen away that made everything were destroyed. It made Suri, Aladar, Zini, and Yar lost their environment. However they had to move to the other place for their life. When they arrived to the desert, they were attacked by the wild dinosaur. They got along and never been given up.
When the cluster of the other dinosaur came, the wild dinosaur felt afraid. Finally, they decided to follow them and joined to move to the great valley. But the led of them, Korn was so arrogant.
Aladar asked Korn not to walk quickly because the quite small dinosaur could be equal. But Korn just ignored him.
They kept along the desert that the valley was so far away from there. They wasted time day after day without eating and drinking. Because of that some of them died. They were walking along for days. So they felt happy when they guessed that in front of them was a lake. Unfortunately, the lake was drying. Eema, the rhinoceros was so tiredness, he really wanted to drink.
Nevertheless, the water sprinkled because of the presser of the biggest dinosaur. So, the others dinosaur came and crowded to drink some water on it.
The carnotosaurus came closer, but Kron sacrificed them. It made Aladar got angry with him. But Korn threatened him to be killed if he tried to bother him. After that, they saw Broton who felt tired out, so Aladar tried to help him but he rejected.
When they were in a cave for taking a rest, the Carnotosaur came and attacked them back. Consequently, the cave broke and the stones fallen into Broton that could do anything.
While Korn and Neera kept to move and left them who was trapped in the cave. When Aladar and the other dinosaur tried to puss the stones that closed, they found a short way to the valley. The valley was so beautiful.
Aladar tried to tell Kron about that, but Korn didn’t hear him and even tried to kill him. But finnaly the others follow Aladar, except Korn. So, when Cornotosaurus attacked them, he just attacked Korn who lonely. Cornotosaurus wouldn’t attack if his preys were united. Aladar tried to help Korn, but Korn was bitten by Cornotosaurus and died. While the Cornotosaur fallen into the ravine.
Finally, the Dinosaur lived together with the happiness. Aladar and Neera got married and have a child.

sastra

A. Definisi Sastra
1. Menurut Aristoteles, Sastra adalah cerminan dari kehidupan (mimesis).
2. Secara etimologis, sastra berasal dari kata susastra, su berarti indah, elok, baik sedangkan sastra ialah tulisan. Jadi sastra ialah tulisan yang indah.
3. Menurut Aristoteles, Sastra memiliki dua unsur, yaitu utile (bermanfaat) dan dukle (nikmat).
Setiap definisi sastra terikat pada waktu dan budayanya, karena sastra adalah hasil kebudayaan, hasil cipta, karya, dan karsa manusia. Ada beberapa factor yang menyebabkan suatu teks disebut sastra oleh pembaca. Pertama, sastra terdapat penanganan bahan yang khusus. Baik dalam puisi maupun prosa, yakni paralelisme, kiasan, bahasa yang tidak gramatikal, dan terdapat bentuk dan sudut pandang bagi jenis teks kisahan. Kedua, sastra barat masa kini kebanyakan teks yang fiksionalitas atau rekaan, namun ada juga yang bukan rekaan.
B. Fungsi Sastra
1. Memberi wawasan yang lebih umum mengenai masalah duniawi, social, ataupun intelektual.
2. Sebagai alat kesenangan. Bisa berupa benar-benar pelepas ketegangan, memperoleh kenikmatan estetis yang aktif, yaitu apresiasi teks sehingga kita benar-benar masuk dalam teks yang disajikan, dapat pula terjadi identifikasi, yaitu perlibatan pribadi dengan apa yang dikisahkan.
C. Ragam Sastra
Ada banyak ragam atau genre sastra. Sajak lirik dan sajak peristiwa:ode, sonata. Balada, cerita pendek dan novel, tragedy, komedi dan drama keluarga, khotbah, esai dan surat-menyurat, dan sebagainya.Diantara keanekaragaman itu terdapat perbedaan besar, sedangkan di sisi lain beberapa ragam sastra yang bersinggungan dengan ragam yang bukan sastra. Seperti novel dan penulisan sejarah, esai sastra dan jurnalistik, sajak-sajak tertentu dan pesan iklan.
Plato membegi teks dalam tiga kelompok, yaitu yang penceritaannya pengarang sendiri (sajak pujian), teks yang menampilkan tiruan orang lain (drama), dan bentuk campuran yang berganti-ganti yang berisi kedua jenis di atas. Contoh bentuk campuran, di dalamnya teks ‘pencerita’dan dialog silih berganti.Pembagian tiga ini sering kali dihuungkan dengan ketiga ragam lirik, drama, epik (atau teks kisahan) yang ditentukan oleh isinya. Lirik sering kali dihubungkan dengan pengungkapan perasaan dalam bentuk puisi, misalnya gambaran alam secara liris dalam prosa. Drama dan kisahan berisikan suatu cerita.
Teks monolog yaitu teks yang dibawakan oleh satu pencerita. Kebanyakan puisi berbentuk monolog. Sedangkan teks dialog sekurang kurangnya ada dua pembicara yang berbicara silih berganti. Teks ini sering dijumpai dalam drama: tragedy, dan drama keluarga. Yang terakhir adalah teks berlapis, epos dan cerpen merupakan contoh teks berlapis.
D. Jenis karya sastra indonesia
a.Puisi
Puisi dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok:
1. Puisi lama: Pantun, masnawi, kit’ah, najam, gajal, mantera, syair, gurindam, ruba’I,.
2. Puisi baru: distiekon, terzina, quatrain, kuintet, sektet, septima, soneta.
3. Puisi modern: sajak bebas.
b. Prosa
1. prosa lama: kisah, dongeng, riwayat, tambo, legenda.
2. prosa baru: novel, cerpen, roman
c. Drama
1. drama tradisional: sandiwara, ludruk, ketoprak, lenong.
2. drama modern: teater

Readingly Text Roland Bather Writingly Text

Readingly Text
Roland Bather
Writingly Text

• Readingly Text adalah karya sastra yang enak dibaca. Tuntas, lugas, bukan cerita berbingkai, plotnya jelas. Sehingga mengarahkan pembaca pada pemahaman tertentu.
• Writingly Text ialah text yang penuh dengan diksi, teka-teki dan membuat orang/ pembaca berulang kalo membacanya.
• Umumnya short story dan novel termasuk readingly text, sedangkan puisi yang baik ialah yang berbentuk writingly text.
• Karya atau elemen sastra dibagi dua:
1. Unsur Intrinsik
Unsur unsur intrinsik sastra adalah unsur dalam yang membangun keutuhan sastra.
Yang termasuk unsur intrinsik karya sastra adalah tema, amanat, watak, setting, dan sudut pandang. Unsur Intrinsik tersebut dibagi dua:
a. Struktur Fisik: Kata-kata, intonasi, suara
b. Struktur Batin: Plot setting, tema, massage, character, point of view, figurative language.
2. Unsur Ekstrinsik
Unsur-unsur ekstrinsik adalah unsur-unsur yang berada di luar karya sastra, tetapi secara tidak langsung mempengaruhi bangunan atau sistem organisme karya sastra. Secara lebih khusus lagi ia dapat dikatakan sebagai unsur-unsur yang mempengaruhi bangun cerita sebuah karya sastra, tetapi tidak menjadi bagian di dalamnya. Walaupun demikian, unsur ekstrinsik cukup berpengaruh terhadap totalitas bangun cerita yang dihasilkannya. Pemahaman unsur ekstrinsik suatu karya sastra, bagaimanapun, akan membantu dalam hal pemahaman makna karya itu mengingat bahwa karya sastra tak muncul dari situasi kekosongan budaya. Bentuk penyampaian moral dalam karya fiksi mungkin bersifat langsung atau tidak langsung. Akan tetapi, sebenarnya pemilahan itu hanya demi praktisnya saja sebab mungkin saja ada pesan yang bersifat agak langsung. Dalam karya sastra mungkin sekali ditemukan adanya pesan yang betul-betul tersebunyi sehingga sulit untuk dirasakan. Nilai kebudayaan sebagai hasil budidaya dan berkembang di masyarakat sangat berpengaruh terhadap karya sastra yang dihasilkannya. Nilai-nilai inilah yang menjiwai karya sastra dan memberikan warna tersendiri bagi makna karya sastra yang dihasilkannya
Sekalipun kesusastraan tidak eksplisit mencerminkan cita-cita keagamaan atau secara langsung membimbing pembaca untuk mengabdi kepada Tuhan, hal ini tidak berarti sastra tersebut sepi dari unsur-unsur keagamaan. Dewasa terancam pada bidang martabat manusia. Yang pertama-tama diserang bukanlah agama itu sendiri, tetapi hak-hak asasi manusia dan nilai-nilai manusiawi dipermainkan. Padahal nilai-nilai manusiawi itu sebenarnya perilaku religius yang harus dimilik oleh setiap umat beragama. Jadi, karya sastra yang bernilai manusiawi dan mencerminkan perilaku religius selayaknya dapat dijadikan teladan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
Ekstrinsik:
a. Author/ Writer, bigrafi, family, education
b. Lingkungan; Ideologi, politik, ekonomi, social, budaya

TIDAK BERDIRI SENDIRI

REGRESI TEXT PROGRESI

KREATIVITAS IDEALISME

PERKEMBANGAN KESUSASTRAAN INGGRIS

PERKEMBANGAN KESUSASTRAAN INGGRIS

a. Periode Agustus (1700-1750)

Karya sastra periode agustus merupakan refleksi dari karya-karya besar pada masa pemerintahan kaisar Agustus. Ciri2:
1. adanya keinginan akan sistem serta keteraturan dalam penulisan karya2pada masa pemerintahan kausar Agustus
2. gaya bahasa yg jelas, akurat, sederhanaserta kesan meninggalkan individualitas
3.cenderung mengintelektualkan karya sastra akibat revolusi industri
PROSA
1. Daniel Dafoe:pelopor karya fiksi realistis, seorang pedagang, agen rahasia, wartawan dan penulis yg produktif
a. The life and the strange surprising adventure of robinson crusoe, marinir yg kapalnya terdampar di pulau terpencil
b. The life adventure and piracies of the famous captain singleton
2. Jonathan Swift:humor tinggi,intelek dan sekretaris pribadi sir william temple setelah lulus dari Trinity, ciri2:sederhana, jelas, pilihan kata tepat, ekonomis dalam kata
a. Tale of a tub dan the battle of a book, satir yg berkaitan dgn korupsi di bidang agama dan pendidikan
b. the progress of poetry dan the day of jugdement
3. Samuel Johnson, pengikutya James Boswel
a. The vanity of human wishes,ttg puisi Johnson
b. Rasseles, ttg filsafat dan agama

PUISI
1. Alexander Pope, penganut katolik tidak memiliki hak pilih, dikucilkan dari kelompok penulispada peerintahan ratu Anne
a. Hammrusialliad dan odyssey, karya terjemahan
b. Essay on Man, ungkapan2 menjadi sukses luar biasa

DRAMA
1. John Gray, the beggar Opera, drama satire thd opera italia
2. George lilo, the london marchant of history of george barnwell, drama sosialis yg realistis

b. Periode Transisi ke Romantisme

1. James thompson, the season, inspirasi alam dan juga rasa simpati td rakyat kecil
2. Edward young, night toughts, curahan perasaan melankolis
PUISI
1. Thomas Gray, elegy written in a country churhyard, 126 baris selama 9 tahun, the fatal sisters &the descent of odin
2. Oliver Goldsmith, The deserted village, berbentuk heroic couplet dan katanya masih konvensional
3. William Coper, John Gipin& the task, ciri2 romantik sudah menonjol
4. Robert Burns, poem chiefly in scottish dialect
5. William blake, song of innocence dan song of experience, ttg cintanya thd alam dan hewan
PROSA
1. Chronicle, laporan ttg kejadian2 yg menyangkut seseorang
2. Plotted adventure story, treasure island, memiliki rangka cerita jika bagian tidak dipisahkan
3. Romance, fiksi prosa tertua dalam kesusastraan inggris
NOVEL
mencerminkan kehidupan apa adanya
1. Charles Dicken, oliver twist dan jane austen, pride and prejudice
2. Samuel Richardson, penulis novel pertama inggris
a. Pamela or Virtue rewarded, diterbitkan dalam 4 jilid
b. Clarissa or The history of a young lady, diterbitkan dalam 8 jilid
3. Henry Fielding, novelnya penuh humor, realistis dan kasar
a. Joseph Andrews dan the history of tom jones, a foundling
DRAMA
1. Goldsmith, karyanya the good nature man dan she stops to conquer, drama ini masih populer diantara kelompok2 amatir karena adegan kocak dan lucu, dan tidak beitu sukar dimainkan
2. Brinsley Sheridan, the rivals, the school for scandal dan the critic, penuh dgn dialog cemerlang, suasana lebh cerah

c. Periode Victoria

1. Charles Darwin, The origin of the species, teori evolusi biologis
ciri2: prosa berlembang dgn sgt baik, merupakan sarana yg efektif untuk menyajikan masalah2 dan bertujuan meningkatkan moral msyrkt
PUISI
semangat berpuisi dengan nada lebih serius dan cenderung kearah penetapan standar baik dalam bentuk maupun isi
1. Alfred Lord Tennyson, cenderung ke penguasaan dan kecermatan
a. the princess ttg emansipasi wanita, in memoriam dibuat untuk temannya yg sudah meninggal, locksley hall ttg materialisme, demokrasi dan ttg perdamaian dan ttg persatuan antar bangsa sedunia, maud ttg nasionalisme yg berlebih
2. Robert Browning, tdpat unsur diktatik, the ring and the book yg merupakan sajak terpanjang(21000 baris)
3. Elizabeth Barret, adalah istri browning, ttg ajaran2 dan menyuarakan ideal2 moral dan social, the cry of the children, ttg perbudakan anak, casa guidi windows merupakan kombinasi antara puisi dan politik
PROSA
1. Charles Dickens, ttg anak miskin yg memilukan hati, "Nicholas Nickleby", Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Great expectation
2. William Makepeace Thackeray

MEMAHAMI PUISI

MEMAHAMI PUISI

Menurut Esten (1998:31-56) dinyatakan bahwa di dalam puisi akan berlangsung beberapa proses yang tidak begitu terasa dalam prosa. Proses tersebut adalah:
1. proses konsentrasi
2. proses intensifikasi
3. proses pengimajian.
Jika sebuah kata di dalam prosa cenderung mengikuti makna denotatif, maka sebuah kata di dalam puisi justru cenderung meninggalkan makna denotatif tersebut dan membentuk makna yang bersifat konotatif. Sebagai contoh, kata “bulan” di dalam prosa akan berbeda makna dengan “bulan” di dalam sebuah puisi.

Untuk memahami sebuah puisi dengan baik dan benar diperlukan beberapa prinsip dan petunjuk yang harus dipegang.
Prinsip dan petunjuk itu akan membantu mempercepat proses pemahaman terhadap sebuah puisi.

Adapun petunjuk tersebut sebagai berikut:
1. Perhatikan judulnya
2. Lihat kata-kata yang dominan
3. Selami makna konotatif
4. Berdasarkan makna yang terungkap di dalam larik atau bait, maka makna yang lebih benar adalah makna yang sesuai dengan struktur bahasa
5. Jika mau menangkap pikiran di dalam sebuah puisi, prosakanlah (parafrasekanlah) puisi itu
6. Usut siapa yang dimaksud kata-ganti yang ada dan siapa yang mengucapkan kalimat yang ada di dalam tanda kutip (jika ditemukan di dalam sebuah puisi
7. Antara satu unit dengan unit yang lain di dalam sebuah puisi, membentuk satu kesatuan (keutuhan makna), temukan pertalian makna antara unit tersebut
8. Cari dan kejar makna yang tersembunyi
9. Perhatikan corak sebuah sajak, sebab ada puisi yang lebih mementingkan unsur formal dan ada yang lebih mementingkan unsur puitis
10. Apa pun tafsiran terhadap sebuah puisi, maka tafsiran tersebut harus bisa dikembalikan kepada teks, dengan artikata, setiap tafsiran harus berdasarkan teks

Genre Sastra

GENRE SASTRA

Dengan mengacu pada tiga paradigma peradaban menurut Alvin Toffler (1980), ranah sastra dapat dipilah ke dalam paradigma peradaban agraris, industrial, dan informasi. Sastra dalam peradaban agraris didominasi genre sastra lisan; sastra dalam peradaban industrial didominasi genre sastra tulis; dan sastra dalam peradaban informasi didominasi genre sastra elektronik. Berdasarkan hal ini objek penelitian sastra dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam sastra lisan, sastra tulis, dan sastra elektronik.

a. Sastra Lisan

Menurut Wiget (lihat Lauter, 1994), sastra lisan dipertunjukkan di hadapan pendengar yang melakukan evaluasi baik cara maupun isi pertunjukan; evaluasi bukan merupakan kesimpulan dari pertunjukan tersebut, melainkan merupakan sebuah kegiatan yang berlangsung yang tercermin dalam tingkat perhatian dan komentar.

Terdapat varitas yang sangat mengejutkan dari sastra lisan yang bertahan hidup di antara orang-orang pra-aksara, dan sebagaimana kata-kata tertulis muncul dalam sejarah, menunjukkan bahwa semua genre penting sastra yang muncul pada awal masyarakat beradab adalah: epos heroik, nyanyian pujaan untuk pendeta dan raja, cerita misteri dan supernatural, lirik cinta, nyanyian pribadi hasil meditasi, kisah cinta, kisah petualangan dan heroisme rakyat jelata, yang berbeda dari epos heroik kelas atas, satir, satir pertempuran, balada, dogeng tragedi rakyat dan pembunuhan, cerita rakyat, fabel, teka-teki, pepatah, falsafah hidup, himne, mantra-mantra, nyanyian misteri para pendeta, dan mitologi.

Dari berbagai varitas di atas, genre sastra lisan dapat klasifikasikan ke dalam sub-sub genre yang terdiri atas puisi lisan, prosa lisan, dan drama lisan. Edi Sedyawati (lihat Pudentia, 1998) menyusun sebuah gradasi dari sastra lisan yang paling murni sastra hingga ke pertunjukan teater yang paling lengkap media pengungkapannya, yakni: murni pembacaan sastra (mebasan dan macapatan); pembacaan sastra disertai gerak sederhana dan atau iringan musik terbatas (cekepung dan kentrung); penyajian cerita disertai gerak tari (randai); dan penyajian cerita melalui aktualisasi adegan, dialog dan tarian pemeran, dan iringan musik (wayang wong, makyong, wayang gong, dan lain-lain).

Menurut Wiget, dalam banyak sastra lisan dunia, puisi lisan adalah nyanyian, seperti halnya mazmur-mazmur Daud, lirik-lirik Orpheus, maupun meditasi-meditasi Tecayahuatzin.

Perkembangan penelitian terhadap sastra lisan yang merupakan sastra rakyat dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode-metode historik-komparatif, historik-geografik, dan historik-struktural.

Menurut A Teeuw (1988), Dengan meneliti teknik penciptaan epos rakyat, cara tradisi tersebut diturunkan dari guru kepada murid, dan bagaimana resepsinya oleh masyarakat, Parry dan Lord berkesimpulan bahwa epos rakyat tidak dihafalkan secara turun-temurun tetapi diciptakan kembali secara spontan, si penyanyi memiliki persediaan formula yang disebut stock-in-trade, terdapat adegan siap pakai yang oleh Lord disebut theme, dan variasi merupakan ciri khas puisi lisan.

Sedangkan untuk melakukan penelitian terhadap teater rakyat dapat menggunakan metodologi kajian tradisi lisan. Dengan menggunakan metodologi kajian tradisi lisan, penelitian teater rakyat dapat dilakukan secara menyeluruh tidak hanya terbatas pada aspek kesastraannya saja tetapi juga mencakup aspek-aspek kebudayaan yang melingkupinya. Hal ini penting karena teater rakyat tidak hanya merupakan bagian dari sastra lisan tetapi juga bagian dari seni pertunjukan rakyat yang memiliki jaringan dengan berbagai unsur kebudayaan.

b. Sastra Tulis

menurut Teeuw, bahasa tulis memiliki tujuh ciri, yakni: (1) dalam bahasa tulis antara penulis dan pembaca kehilangan sarana komunikasi suprasegmental; (2) dalam bahasa tulis tidak ada hubungan fisik antara penulis dan pembaca; (3) dalam teks-teks tertulis, penulis tidak hadir dalam situasi komunikasi; (4) teks-teks tertulis dapat lepas dari kerangka referensi aslinya; (5) bagi pembaca, tulisan dapat dibaca ulang; (6) teks-teks tertulis dapat diproduksi dalam berbagai bentuk dan jangkauan komunikasi yang lebih luas; dan (7)komunikasi menembus jarak ruang, waktu, dan kebudayaan.

Genre sastra tulis dapat dijabarkan ke dalam sub-sub genre yang terdiri atas puisi tulis, prosa tulis, dan drama tulis.Dewasa ini bentuk karya sastra yang paling diminat adalah cerpen dan novel. Waluyo (2002:28) membagi karya fiksi menjadi roman, cerita pendek, dan novel. Termasuk dalam klasifikasi novel adalah novelet. Novelet yaitu novel pendek yang lebih panjang dari cerita pendek, roman adalah jenis cerita rekaan yang paling dulu muncul, disusul oleh cerita pendek dan baru kemudian muncul novel dan novelet. Bentuk novel ataupun novelet dan cerita pendek pada akhirnya merajai sastra di Indonesia.

c. Sastra Elektronik
Teknologi elektronik berperan dalam menciptakan suatu genre baru dalam dunia kesenian yaitu seni elektronik. Frank Popper (1993) membahas lima kategori seni elektronik: (1) seni laser dan holografik, (2) seni video, (3) seni komputer, (4) seni komunikasi, dan (5) seni instalasi, demonstrasi dan pertunjukan. Fokus bahasan Popper adalah senirupa elektronik. Genre-genre seni elektronik terdapat dalam berbagai bidang kesenian seperti seni musik elektronik, seni rupa elektronik, sinema elektronik, dan sastra elektronik.

Dalam arti luas karya sastra yang diproduksi, dimodifikasi, dan dikemas dengan menggunakan peralatan elektronik dapat dinamakan sastra elektronik. Sesuai dengan media yang dipakai, sastra elektronik dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam tiga jenis: sastra audio, sastra audiovisual, dan sastra multimedia.